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Riemerella anatipestifer or Moraxella anatipestifer, family Flavobacteriaceae of the genus Riemerella, causes septicaemic and exudative diseases in ducks, geese, turkeys and other birds. Riemerella can cause acute or chronic disease in birds, leading to respiratory signs, lameness and nervous symptoms. Young birds are most susceptible to acute illness with high mortality and morbidity, but RA can also occur in adult birds, causing only subclinical or asymptomatic disease. The infection in turkeys is associated with clinical disease and increased mortality. The disease has economic importance due to increased mortality, reduced growth rates and raised condemnation rates of carcasses at slaughter. The diagnosis depends on the clinical signs and bacteriological and serological examination. Because there is no cross-protection among R. anatipestifer serotypes, vaccines based on inactivated bacteria confer some protection only against homologous strains. Autogenous inactivated vaccines can be used to prevent the disease in turkeys.