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Infection with O. rhinotracheale has been recognized in many countries worldwide and incriminated as a possible additional causative agent in respiratory disease complexes in poultry. The infection in turkeys and chickens is mostly associated with heavy economic losses. Clinical signs and lesions are of little value in diagnosis, since many other infectious diseases can produce similar clinical signs and post mortem lesions. Accurate diagnosis must be substantiated by laboratory investigations. The control based mainly on biosecurity to prevent the introduction and spread. ORT has been shown to be highly sensitive to different chemical disinfectants. On the other hand, the sensitivity to antibiotics are inconstant and showing regional variation. In several place commercial or autogenous inactivated oil-adjuvant vaccines are used and able to reduce mortality and condemnation rates. The paper describes besides the history the most current challenges related to diagnosis, serotyping, pathogenicity and control measures.