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Canine mast cell tumours are a common finding in daily veterinary practice. Their general diagnosis is relatively easily done by the microscopic analysis of fine needle aspirates of the tumours, even for the untrained cytologist. However, the grading of such tumours, which is of importance for prognosis and therapy choice, was restricted to the histopathological analysis of solid tumour biopsies. Some recent studies have focused on the development of a grading scheme for cytological specimens. A part of the available literature on canine mast cell tumours also recommends a mutational analysis of the KIT tyrosine kinase receptor for an informed choice for the application of tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors. This article provides information about the current state of the art in cytological mast cell tumour grading, the therapeutic consequences of the identified grade and whether a mutational analysis of the KIT receptor is necessary in addition to tumour grading.